普法战争 21 – 国防政府

上文《色当之战》咱们说到德意志联军在色当取得巨大胜利, 10万在世界各地获得荣耀的法国官兵,连同他们的皇帝拿破仑三世一起,成为德军的俘虏。

色当胜利的消息传回德意志各邦,德意志人沸腾了,柏林的教堂上挂出标语:感谢…… 每一个德意志邦,都请求威廉一世国王向法国索要战争赔款,并把阿尔萨斯和洛林割让给一个独立统一的德意志帝国。各大报纸除了祝贺德意志军队取得伟大胜利之外,还纷纷撰文指出,收回阿尔萨斯和洛林,是防止未来法国侵略的必要措施,也是胜利者应该获得的战利品。阿尔萨斯和洛林是连接南北德意志的纽带,德意志领土不可分割的一部分。自打1582年起就失去的这两块德意志领土阿尔萨斯和洛林,到了回归祖国怀抱的时候了。每一个不支持“收回”阿尔萨斯和洛林的“德奸”,不但会遭到众人的唾弃,微博封号论坛删帖,还有可能被抓。一直跟俾斯麦唱反调的自由派约翰·雅各比(Johann Jacoby),这个时候居然还敢站在讲台上反对收回阿尔萨斯和洛林,直接就被爱国群众揪着脖领子给踢下去了。俾斯麦乃德意志民族之伟大英雄,诋毁英雄的民族是木有希望滴。

回到战场上,对于在色当放下武器的法国战俘来说,苦难才刚刚开始。战场已经被双方的炮火蹂躏成一片废墟,10多万法军俘虏一时无处安置,普军只好把这些战俘安置在马斯河三面围绕的一块区域里。10万战俘和1万匹马,暂时留在这16平方公里的地域里,等待着被后送,普鲁士兵在外围看守着。法军俘虏沮丧无力,恶臭从法军的帐篷里发出。俘虏的马匹大量死亡,巴伐利亚人也不费劲埋葬死马,直接扔进马斯河。普鲁士兵日夜不停地清理了六天,才开始让战场变得稍稍可以住人。有些普鲁士兵被派去收拾法军丢弃的大炮和步枪,清理没有爆炸的炮弹。清理出来的步枪堆成了垛,走火的步枪还打死打伤了一些普鲁士兵和法国战俘。普军对俘虏的法国高级将领,倒是蛮优待的。虽然没有放了他们,但是给了很大的自由,结果52个军官趁机开溜,这其中就有杜克罗将军。

9月3日色当惨败,皇帝和麦克马洪元帅率军投降的消息,在法国首都巴黎引发了暴乱。4日凌晨,法国立法机构紧急开会商讨对策。法夫尔建议罢黜拿破仑王朝,成立临时政府,让特罗胥将军担任巴黎市市长。这个提议几乎得到了一致同意,因为保皇的波拿巴分子早已开始逃离巴黎,首都剩下的只有共和派了。

八里桥伯爵把表决的时间推迟到中午,但是协和广场上已经聚集起六万人,他们挥舞着拳头高喊:“打倒波拿巴”!“法国万岁”!守护着国会大厦的卫兵,对这群抗议的人表示了同情,他们把军帽挂在枪口上告诉这些人:俺们就当没看见。于是抗议的人群毫无阻拦地冲进议会。共和派领导人甘必大感到值此危急时刻,稳定应该压倒一切,希望能制止住闯进来的人群。法夫尔也在声嘶力竭地喊:不要暴力!要团结,要团结!现在还不是宣布共和的时候!不过暴徒们开始打砸起来。

甘必大和法夫尔比较清醒地认识到,工业中心城市如巴黎确实反对拿破仑三世的人居多,但是相对保守的农村地区,支持皇帝的还是占多数。非常时期,议会特别委员会需要选出一个基础广泛的临时政府,直到将来有时间再进行全国选举,此刻需要的是保持温和和克制。然而暴徒们一冲进波旁宫,温和和保守便荡然无存,甘必大和法夫尔现在只有一个选择——加入“革命队伍”。

这不是甘必大和法夫尔希望的基础广泛的政府,临时政府只是由共和派的代表组成,代表的只是一小部分共和派,不是一个广泛的“共和”,不过现在也没有办法,只好顺势而为了。在新的政府里,甘必大出任内政部长,法夫尔负责外交事务,欧内斯特·皮卡德(Ernest Picard)掌管财政部,朱尔·西蒙(Jules Simon)成为教育部长,海军元帅地中海舰队司令马丁·福里尚担任海军部长,阿道夫·勒·弗洛(Adolphe Le Flô)是战争部长。66岁的勒·弗洛自打1840年代以后就没有打过仗,1852年曾经因为支持共和,被拿破仑三世流放到泽西岛。现在共和派重新上台掌权,他也有了再次出山的机会。虽说共和派执掌天下,还是做了些妥协,“拿破仑三世的人”特罗胥成为政府首脑,最高军政长官。

工人阶级聚集在政府前面,欢呼“他们的”共和国成立,一群代表去往皇宫面见皇后要求她退位。一开始欧仁妮皇后还想争一争,但是看到皇宫外面聚集的暴徒越来越多,赶紧改变主意表示同意,然后带着珠宝,在梅特涅亲王的帮助下溜出皇宫,东躲西藏,9月5日一早逃出巴黎。

Eugenie

新成立的后拿破仑时代的“国防政府”,很快就分裂成温和派和激进派。温和派主张马上同普鲁士商议和平,而主要由穷人组成的无产阶级激进派,打算把这场战争扩大成为无产阶级的解放战争,跟普鲁士人血战到底,直到把他们全部赶出法国。无产阶级还认为,第二帝国的崩溃,是无产阶级实现社会主义公有制理想的大好机会。要马上发动起义,扫除温和派,摒弃多党制的民主以及资本主义,打土豪分田地,建立起公有制和新的社会秩序。法夫尔竭力在中间和稀泥,特罗胥和甘必大虽然一个是“皇帝的人”,一个是反对皇帝主张共和的人,却发现这个时候他们需要彼此合作,联手来对付这些赤色分子了。

回到前线,色当之战的胜利,自然让普军将士一片欢腾。不过普鲁士国王威廉一世,给陶醉在胜利喜悦中的将士们泼了一瓢冷水:“前面还有很多战斗在等着我们”。国王为什么这么说呢?的确普鲁士取得重大胜利,俘虏了法国皇帝拿破仑三世,却让局面复杂了。一时一个难题摆在普鲁士人面前,下一步跟谁来谈判和平协议?现在谁能代表法国?

是啊,法国战败,连拿破仑三世都成了俘虏,原以为只要法国皇帝下个命令停火,然后就可以着手谈判和平条件了。结果巴黎一场革命,法兰西第二帝国被推翻,巴黎成立了新的共和的“国防政府”,皇帝不作数了。

新的共和政府呢?这个共和政府只是以资产阶级共和派为主成立的政府,在巴黎都还朝不保夕,更何况广大的农村,支持第二帝国的仍然大有人在。所以到底谁才能始终代表法国先进社会生产力的发展要求,始终代表法国先进文化的前进方向,始终代表法国最广大人民的根本利益,对法国人来说是个悬而未决的问题,对普鲁士人也是这样。

当普鲁士人开始跟法国方面接触,尝试谈判和平条件的时候,法国各个党派都表示,普鲁士必须尊重法国的领土完整,才可以进行停火谈判。换句话说就是,想要法国割让领土的话,免谈!

法夫尔就是带着这样的想法,去跟俾斯麦接触的。法夫尔以为一贯秉持现实外交的俾斯麦,不会希望节外生枝。如果普鲁士强要法国领土,就不会获得持久的和平。所以一笔赔款,加上一部分法国舰队,再有些殖民地,应该可以让俾斯麦满意,不需要割让领土。哪知道这个想法一提,就被俾斯麦断然拒绝。对这个打十七世纪以来,就不断欺压德意志人民,给德意志民族带来沉重灾难的国家法国,俾斯麦压根就没有打算采取宽容的态度。俾斯麦跟法夫尔直截了当:法国需要为黎塞留(Richelieu)、路易十四(Louis XIV)、拿破仑·波拿巴还债,要为他们的野心和掠夺付出代价。

法夫尔还想继续争取,俾斯麦敲打他说,如果你不接受,我就把你们的皇帝和巴赞放出来,让他们取代你们这个临时政府,我跟他们谈。俾斯麦可不是说着玩的,拿破仑三世现在的身份已经不再是战俘,被送到卡塞尔(Kassel)的威廉高地宫(Schloss Wilhelmshöhe)后,拿破仑三世就成为“外国君主”。身边的也不是普鲁士看守,而是从色当的战俘中挑选出来的法国警卫。俾斯麦说,皇帝才是法国“合法”统治者,你们那个“共和政府”只是一个党派团体而已,不能代表法国先进社会生产力的发展要求,不能代表……。再说了,海军会听你们的吗?巴赞元帅会听你们的吗?梅斯的法军会听你们的吗?还有现在被虏的14万战俘,马上就能组织起来,让拿破仑三世带着杀回巴黎夺回政权。

情况是这么个情况,但是共和政府现在敢签丧权辱国的卖国条约吗?咱是“国防政府”哦!谈判不成,只好继续在战场上见高下。当然高下已见,法国人这不是还不死心吗?

9月15日,普鲁士参谋长毛奇指挥部队进军巴黎。为了避免国防政府被普鲁士人一网打尽,早两天的9月13日,共和政府的一部分就迁到了图尔(Tours),以便在巴黎被包围后,能够继续领导全国进行抗战。几天后普鲁士第三军团和马斯军团,把巴黎给包围起来。

巴黎这个大都市让普鲁士的乡巴佬们大开眼界,法国的首都有着完善的防御体系,100公里长的堡垒防线环绕其外,1,300门大炮布置在堡垒之中,每一门炮都备有458发炮弹。守在这条防线上的法军有40万之众,只是人员素质较差,只有五分之一是正规军和预备役,其余的都是临时征召来的“国民自卫军”这样的民兵。

1024px-French_soldiers_in_the_Franco-Prussian_War_1870-71

军旅出身的国防政府首脑特罗胥当然明白,自己手上人数虽多,但是战斗力远远不能同德意志的胜利之师相比,尽管包围巴黎的两个军团的普军只有24万人,还面临着补给线拉长,以及被游击队袭扰的烦恼。特罗胥认为,坚壁清野死守巴黎,把战事拖下去是唯一出路。于是他下令破坏巴黎周边几十公里内的所有公路、运河、桥梁以及铁路,烧毁农场、村舍,拉走所有的粮食,牵走所有的牲畜,不让德意志人找到吃的东西,也不让他们找到舒适的住的地方,同时加紧训练部队防御巴黎。

vonwernertroopsquarters_调整大小不过,从法国人这张油画里,可以看到德意志人还是有很多法国瑰宝可以居住的。也是,法国人总不能把凡尔赛宫也烧了吧?

这个时候,法国人还不至绝望,梅斯军团还在,仍然牵制着大批精锐普军。那现在梅斯是个什么情形呢?请看下篇《梅斯之围》。

其它请见:

普法战争 01 – 最弱的大国普鲁士                                 普法战争 02 – 拿破仑三世和俾斯麦

普法战争 03 – 普奥战争                                                普法战争 04 – 必有一战

普法战争 05 – 埃姆斯电文                                            普法战争 06 – 总参谋部

普法战争 07 – 枪尖还是炮利?                                     普法战争 08 – 莱茵军团

普法战争 09 – 萨尔布吕肯                                            普法战争 10 – 维桑堡

普法战争 11 – 沃尔特                                                   普法战争 12 – 弗罗埃斯克维莱

普法战争 13 – 斯皮舍朗                                                普法战争 14 – 犹豫不决

普法战争 15 – 马尔拉图                                                普法战争 16 – 格拉韦洛特

普法战争 17 – 圣普里瓦                                                普法战争 18 – 海上行动

普法战争 19 – 通往色当之路                                         普法战争 20 – 色当之战

普法战争 21 – 国防政府                                                普法战争 22 – 梅斯之围

普法战争 23 – 奥尔良                                                    普法战争 24 – 卢瓦尔军团

普法战争 25 – 巴黎围城                                                普法战争 26 – 最后一搏

普法战争 27 – 和平来临

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